Nero's Key Board

Description

Normally when we type in keyboard, character can be either upper-cased or lower-cased. and the way we type upper-cased letter is by pressing CAP or SHIFT.

Assuming we need to type a sequence of character, and we would like to find out the minimum number of clicks to type out sequence of characters.

The rules to calculate clicks is as follows:

• 1. one character + 1
• 2. one CAP + 1
• 3. one SHIFT + 1

General rules:

• 1. at the beginning, we all start by type letters in lower-cased
• 2. one click on CAP will change all the following letters to upper-cased unless press on CAP again
• 3. one SHIFT only will make the next letter to be upper-cased.

Constraints:

• 1. input is always valid, only $[a-zA-Z]$
• 2. input is never empty
• 3. 1 <= length <= $2000$.

Input format

a single string in each following lines, standing for a single test case

Output format

an integer

Sample Input 1

aaa

Sample Output 1

3

Sample input 2

aAa

Sample Output 2

4 

Sample Input 3

aAAAAAAAa

Sample Output 4

11